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Lex Oppia
The ''Lex Oppia'' was a law established in ancient Rome in 215 BC, at the height of the Second Punic War during the days of national catastrophe after the Battle of Cannae.〔Lewis, Naphtali, and Meyer Reinhold, eds. Roman Civilization: Selected Readings. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia UP, 1990. 489-496.〕
Instituted by Gaius Oppius, a tribune of the plebs during the consulship of Fabius Maximus and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, the ''Lex Oppia'' was the first of a series of sumptuary laws, and it restricted not only a woman's wealth, but also her display of wealth.〔 Specifically, it forbade any woman to possess more than half an ounce of gold, to wear a multi-colored garment (particularly those trimmed in purple), or to ride in an animal-drawn vehicle in the city or any town or within a mile thereof, except in the case of public religious festivals.〔Johnston, Patricia A. "Poenulus 1, 2 and Roman Women." ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 110 (1980): 143-159. ''JSTOR''.〕
== Origin ==
The ''Lex Oppia'' had been primarily an economic measure in response to serious financial issues during the Second Punic War. However, the restrictions it imposed laid the framework for later sumptuary legislation designed to control expenditure on extravagance for social rather than economic reasons.〔Astin, A., F. Walbank, M. Frederiksen, and R. Ogilvie, eds. The Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. New York: Cambridge UP, 1989. 181-185, 439, 453, 495.〕 Notable sumptuary legislation passed after the ''Lex Oppias creation includes the ''Lex Fannia'' of 161 BC and the ''Lex Didia'' of 143 BC. The ''Lex Fannia'' was a statute that limited dinner expenditure, the kind of food that could be offered and the number of guests, while the ''Lex Didia'' was an application of the ''Lex Fannia'' to the entire Italian peninsula that imposed sanctions on providers of, as well as guests at, illegal dinners.〔Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth. "Lex Fannia." The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2003.〕〔Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth. "Lex Didia." The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2003.〕
The basis for concern about luxury and extravagance was mixed. It was a universal assumption that indulgence in luxury could undermine traditional military virtues. Also, a devotion to luxury was considered to be a stimulus to greed, and thus a major contributor to the increase in corruption. Finally, there was a widespread tendency to correlate lavish and self-indulgent expenditures with uneconomical use of personal or family fortunes.〔
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